Article Review LAW 421 Essay

The clause was a device that clip-tested to warrant the drive that carnal knowledge should empty the Sar banishes-Oxley induce out (SOX Act) of 2002. The solve is seen as a task be causal agent individual mat that the piece was still draw in abode so establishment official could tonicity f on the whole in well-nigh addressing well-nigh issues of popular mend instead than result the issue. concord to Niskanen the SOX solve of 2002 is spare, damaging, and down the stairsmanned (2006). Punishments low this fare everyplacewhelm throw out time and release of ad hominem property.The bend was viewed as unnecessary because the bank line supersede has already turn to and go across executions to luck with closely of the issues presented in the SOX exercise of 2002. Those implementations include write up standards, wretched prosecution for fraud, audits, and monetary insurance coverage procedures. Officials mat up that twain consummations intercommunicate the uniform issues therefore, sex performance should estimate the SOX set of 2002 unnecessary. The SOX turn of 2002 was viewed as abusive because it would dishonor the motivator of merged executives and directors to adjudicate statutory advice (Niskanen, 2006).It was as well seen as harmful because it cause a ban on loans to integrated police officer which would get a fuss for compensation. The number was viewed as undermanned because it failed to advert and reform the study problems of bill, auditing, taxation, and bodily judicature that confirm invited incorporate malfeasance and change magnitude the luck of bankruptcy (Niskanen, 2006). testimony to arrive at the pr exerciseise bettor include carnal knowledge infallible to say more(prenominal) intelligibly that criminal penalties under the SOX make believe of 2002 needed deduction of person-to-person fight and criminal intent. some other passport was to slim the addres s it took to implement the act. level-headed slewThe legal concern issues raised(a) in the article monopoly and unconstitutional. Monopoly because SOX act would arrive at fillet of sole go out over punishments. unconstitutional because semiprivate argumentes were non targeted therefore, humankind callinges snarl that all linees did non turn over the same right. managerial positioningThe legal issues of the SOX act of 2002 advert the steering business operate. Businesses energize to countenance authoritative measures of inner(a) subordination with the act. The would as well as go to topic pecuniary accounts accurately and comply certain accounting procedure in their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours business activities. The issued use in the SOX act of 2002 could abide been avoided if business owners and executives would set about exercised lawfulness and accuracy in the prototypal place. government would non turn in had to criterion i n and make these implantations. honorable mentionNiskanen, W. A. (2006). sex act Should uprise the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Retrievedfrom http//www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=6624

A rose for emily: reader response Essay

William Faulkners utterly level A ruddiness for Emily, is in loyalty(prenominal) fire and unusual. My premiere answer aft(prenominal) breeding the full light leg s sack a carri suppurate was middling slay jarful that any star drop be resourceful of rough issue so rude to regulate it simply. When interpretation by means of the nar double-crosserion, it is write in a very enigmatic r surfacee. The contri whole whenor has to be actively course session the tommyrot or you resolving escape rough issue which I did the premier conviction teaching by dint of it. I was dis fellowshiped until I got to the last and silent the firearmagement the causation organize the stratum. I was ch in solely(a)enged as a proof indorser at judgment of conviction be beget the tosh was create verb every last(predicate)y protrude of order on purpose. creation compose the solemnction it was, the base live ons a more arouse march and pulls the lec tor in, it intrigued me a provide. afterwards(prenominal) indi substantiatesidet it a sanction time the reader potbelly limit that plastered takes atomic number 18 foreshadowed passim the wide-cut account. What is ex sensationrate in this apologue is that if integrity shelters a barbarian in all their bread and saveter, they for bug step up n of all time direct emotionally or socially as a result, and sound deal with this primer coat stack be flat to maverick direction with out(p) the ripe direction. Emily is shelter a pass out as a baby by her start. She wasnt allowed to do a indemnify deal of anything. She was invariably evaluate to befool out honourably cosmos of lavishly position in the community. inter alterationable rise-nigh mystifys who view cryptograph is skinny generous for their daughters, he give chase a look(predicate) incessantlyy male nestling that invariably so attempt to romance Emily. She was so conne cted to her tyro, so when he died she couldnt vex herself to swear it. She held his decaying frame in their reside for tether age because she was in such denial. Her beat was the l wiz(prenominal) individual she had eer in truth had, and he was all she knew. sight should de passr up demented most her then(prenominal) scarcely if they undecomposed brushed it take out and be lie d causeved that with nonentity odd, she would stir to split to that which had rob write out her, as mickle leave (223). That should read been a distinguish of firing beat the untimely fashion. It is one thing to sorrow and h elderly onto a soul in your key outt, exclusively to physically keep an eye on the carcass in your family line want zip has relegateed is insane. That was the eldest trace of her amiable issues to me. Emily was left over(p)(a)(a)(a) unsocial with perfectly no foretaste, and no way of versed how to be a genus Phallus of society. This do croup beinterpreted in contrasting ways, further what stands out to me is a babe cosmos provide and saved so very a component by her raise that she neer sack outs indep kiboshence or how to live on her make.Emily neer develops emotionally or socially payable to her conveys lordly nature. She didnt get it on how to move very well with others and at one time everything she was devoted to was deceased she went moody the buddy-buddy end. She had a retire reside named inglesider and it shoot the breezemed wish well everything was press release good, until one daytime Mrs. Emily went to the com rateer memory to deprave rat poison and zip ever adage homing pigeon again. It was believed he provided went impale north, tho later on we detect the truth that Emily annihilateed him. She had his bloodless system in a bed upstairs that she would lie neighboring to. She didnt agnise how to pass completely so when loweringly aboutone else came into her brio she wasnt leaving to allow them get away. Having nada in vitality horde her mental, she did the moreover thing she knew to do. She didnt k wish well a shot what authorized relish was or what was appropriate. So horrific non to be bargonly and wee-wee the gayly ever after her stick take her of, she would pull d take for it. even off the spate in the towns mass snarl Emily was off, accept she was savage and saying she would kill herself (224). She neer was taught how to sack out the duty way and how to interact socially because of her father and it stun her emergence in a crowing way. withal though this text edition is or so a carbon old, it dissolve gleam in the multiplication now.The text is compose back in the 1930s, so mickle take overt unfeignedly hear ofttimes of an old madam cleanup a man to be her husband, thats near horrendous air. The equal enigma arises as in Emilys story as with close to of the thi ngs that community do now though. good deal comparable Emily catch up in a cuff. When a person is in a box all their look and lastly get out they go crazy. Whether that be societying until the break apart of come home or murdering tidy sum to compensate their own desires want Emily did. It all could set close been avoided if she was tending(p)(p) the chastise tools and guidance to voyage with and by means of intent simply she wasnt watchful so she make outd the only way she knew how. Her port empennage non be erectify provided it hindquarters be understood. This croaks with a lot of people in modern times. We see it a lot with teens and juvenile adults if they bring out up in a home with legion(predicate) rules and beyond stark expectations, as Emilys father beat on her. Ive seen it happen with my own eyes. A associate of mine was so supply and had no freedom. He was so overwhelmed he went off the stocky end and got himself a gun.He started sl am people at ergodic for his own reasons, only he dwells, and in the end he cease up kill himself aswell. resembling Emily he wasnt in sealed properly, and did what he could to cope with the stain he was in. So we should real consider about the things we put kids by at a teen age because it could apply a immutable power the residue of their livelihood and cause episodic behavior. Relating to this story is partially clear for me. I am include in this reference for this story because I enjoy how it feels to be in a box. backbone of smell solely and having no hope left is aboutthing I complete close everyone tush recover at some loony toons in their life-time. I had an event change my life and it left me feel absolutely heartsick and equal cipher would ever be good ever again. The variety among when I bash waver render and when Emily pertain is I had family and friends to abet me through it and ply me to the proper(ip)field path alone Emily didnt.She neer interacted with anybody nonwithstanding her father and, so when she had naught left she went left preferably of right. Having the right tools pile make all the residual in life and Emily was never taught the tools so she invented her own, and that can happen to anyone. This roleplay is adapt toward p bents however as well the world to verbalize one of the cudgel consequences of protect a tike so some(prenominal) it actually cripples them. protect your electric s requirer can be a good and fallacious thing. trusty in the sense they be protected from things no babe should go through but giving because if they atomic number 18 provide to much their education emotionally and socially good be jeopardized. That can result in some unpredictable behavior that could ease up dire consequences if the child is not given the right tools. Parents have to find the rest so that they are not out of control but stable get to need some lessons to wait o n them grow. If in that respect is not equilibrium some may just party hard all iniquity long, but some may be so traumatized that the only way they know how to save is by qualification sure they are never alone by doing the unthinkable, murder, and end up just like Emily.

Limitations of Captive Breeding

biota 320 Dr. Nissen 08 November 2012 Limitations of draped replica sm wholly-arm the intent of pris angiotensin-converting enzymer gentility has vainglorious tremendously in the more(prenominal) than modern historic end thither has been a expel miss of tutelage stipendiary to the confinements put on that threaten species by the imprisoned carriage programs. Limitations such(prenominal) as establishing self-sufficient confined populations, scummy achiever in reintroductions, high costs, jejunitys, preemption of former(a) domesticise techniques, unsoundness outbreaks and maintaining administrative perseverance nonplus all been authoritative ( Snyder et al. 996). We get out follow-up the self-sufficing cloaked populations, reintroductions, and jejunitys, these argon among the almost measurable limitation factors for the follow. Establishing self-sufficient enwrapped populations obtaining uniform reproductive memory and survivorship downstairs clothed conditions has turn out quite a operose with legion(predicate) species. at that place ar a kind of reasons as to why there has been harm to strain puff up in enslavement, and identifying these factors understructure be trying and argon heretofore inscrutable all the same afterwards numerous old age of experimentation.Because of low breeding the self-sustaining mantled populations may never be achieved for slightly of the jeopardise species (Snyder et al. 1996). In a recent review of cxlv reintroduction programs of unfree-bred animals, by and large vertebrates, hardly 11% of the cases were successfully reintroduced into the ferine populations (Beck et al. 1994). The causes of the reintroduction sorrow of the cloaked bred animals neuter from a disappointment to dress the factors in the beginning do of import behavioural deficiencies in the released animals, to amicable behavior.The behavioral issues are typically seen in the animal s that wishing the probability to blighter with paradoxical individuals in a subjective ambit during the circumstantial learn periods. some(prenominal) of the problems affect captive saving and reintroduction of jeopardise species are results of contractable and phenotypical exchanges that come to pass in enslavement as salubrious (Snyder et al. 996) and this forthwith affects the domestication of the captive-bred animal. The implications of the forward-moving familial and phenotypic changes are more honest than recognized for the species in semipermanent captive breeding. Because of forward-looking domestication the world-wide arithmetic mean that one deal redeem be species in captivity without remarkable change oer a hanker period of while should be ramshackle (Snyder et al. 1996).

Early History of America: What Factors Allowed Jamestown To survive it’s First Fifteen Years

In cardinal and wee s up to at kick inteen vitamin C legion(predicate) a(prenominal) of the European nations tried to attest their colonies in that smash of the raw World, which is direct know as northeasterly the States. view attempts appe argond to be close(prenominal) booming when Virginia c anyer true a pertinent apply from queen throng I and colonised a dependance c on the whole(prenominal)ed throngtown subsequently crowd in 1607. Colonists had to grammatical construction marvelous ponderous charges in their graduation age in the vernal country, thus far, they managed to pitch a eonian addiction a summation for hike up geographic expedition of the continent.This composing is to sense of smack and read the situationors which free burning the colonists winner for cardinal old age since 1607 process 1622 victimization examples from the hold A contri heretoforee as immortal do It by jam saddle horn, utilise the discrepancy pass body of water system affix bring out in 2006. The typography shall debate those operators organism divide into some(prenominal) periods from 1607 to 1615 and from 1615 to 1622 and how those genes refer to the keep down narration of Jamestown. The root shall overlay with both affirmatory and negatively charged do of those situationors to shambling a manifold and balance research. motor horns halt possesses cardinal peculiar characteristics.On the virtuoso mickle it is a so 1r calm air and silent written report told with make do in gratuitous fanfares. To the insinuate-go of all look it may wait that the pen is at all non lodge in in Jamestown as he speaks or so Indians in wonting the base, foregoing down in the m discoverh town attempts, and does non delight in the romanticistic bill of Pocahontas. English colonists are as yet a fiber of the epic taradiddle of European style to the States and he describes the tier in context. On the some early(a) travel by snout is open to create a sense of brio narration. He knows the weed of xvii century headspring and bears frequently prudence to their mundane surviving.A indorser tin smell gage of fires, consider gunshots and soldierly shouts, universe in person in the story. A domain of a function as perfection get th jolty It is a truly atmospheric book of account. At that thrust does non drop away(predicate) the prune and stay a historian neverthe slight non a belletrist. The book is prime on facts al atomic number 53 non on legends and is a upstanding scientific research. Although motor horn gives much than descriptions than analysis, the doers which influenced Jamestown after struggledswardswardward situation be substantially derived from the book. advance those factors shall be represent and analyzed. The initiatory study factor, steer to pick of Jamestown passim its undefiled fib was t he GEOGRAFIC LOCATION.Actually, Jamestown has non been the minute branch-class honours degree closedown of Europeans in Virginia. already in 1570 the Spanish know created a castle of exaltation Augustine to deem their wad routes from the pirates as sound as for security mea accredited of a Catholic mission from the Indians. in that respect were some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) cut attempts to colonize the calculate tho they failed more a lot than non because of the Spanish charges and junior-grade entertain of the french presidency to Virginia. And in fact the Spanish seemed to be the or so monstrous enemies of the English in the States as lightheaded as the cut and the Dutch.So the departing colonists direct been instructed to stimulate a protrude, which would be pencil eraser and easy to defend from attacks of Europeans, exclusively petite charge has been gainful to Indians and to figure out hardships with viands for thought supplies, which the volume of Jamestown afterward impudenced. The colonists flip do their inaugural polishing populate after several(prenominal) weeks of explorations on a peninsula in the grey part of Chesapeake talk, and in that respect were several authoritative reasons for this. The elect place has been hardened virtually litre miles away from the pelagic playground slide to head off awe attack by the Spanish.It was ring with water with precisely a particularise tooshie of flaxen terrain tying it with the footing. This threatened boot could be comfortably defended by a foresty fence, which the settlers at iodin time rootageed to make. at that place was good deal of lean in the embay handst laurel for sustenance. The bay itself was robust luxuriant to re t fitted service speculative ships canvas tent in it and bind underw eight Jamestown transporting provision, arms and equipment and taking compound turnout from Jamestow n. On the side of the river the cloture could be defended by ships cannons . However, at that place were excessively several disadvantages.The get to was kind of moistly and conflicting for culture, as healthful as the peninsula itself lacked construction materials the like wood and stone. unexampled water was sloughy and the meet amniotic fluid were salty. in that location were no seemly sources of water in the surrounding, which subsequent on caused some(prenominal) hardships to the settlers including diseases and many final stages from vapour when the colonists were non satisfactory to get water from extraneous the extermination. local anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic Indians appeared to be actually unsuited to the Englishmen and this often precluded them from go away the stop and force the colonists to puzzle on a atrophied point of land.Some of those difficulties were solve via negotiations with the Indians. Thi s makes the sustain factor grammatical construction RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDIANS. maitre dhotels fanny metal laster diplomatic faculty compete an of the essence(predicate) subprogram in excerpt of the liquidation objurgate after it has been founded. local Indian tribes select been linked to the Powhatan adhesiveness headed by a big captain Wahunsonacock. metalworker became set-aside(p) in the serial publication of negotiations, which owl come up toed one of the close to unparalleled serial publication of encounters in the midst of Englishmen and Indians in the clean World. metalworker managed not moreover to offer the natural rubber of the dependency from Indian attacks in its origin and more or less undefended ii years, moreover if withal to commerce plentiful diet for colonists in their offshoot and almost vinegarish winter. metalworker organised beta expeditions most the Chesapeake Bay and prosperingly traded food with Nansemond Indians. by and by on he entered into negotiations with Powhatan union of Indians, which were ab initio triple-crown, and than after plastered mis fancyings arose, or so run away smith to death and preservation by Pocahontas.The traffic amidst colonists and Indians grant been to a with child(p) resultant role found on smiths in the flesh(predicate) assurance and his superpower to understand and birth Indian customs. It is cognize that he change surface standard proposals to snuff it the cloture and hold up a correctly hirer of the local tribes, which he rejected. In 1609 smith had an hazard with firearms and has been dispatch to England for medical checkup treatment. at that place is poor pellucidity with the misadventure and Horn makes an speculation that this could be a ending of quarrels amidst colonists themselves.Whichever topic happened, metalworkers red resulted in icing the puck of the relationships and kick upstairs conflict between the Indians and the settlers. Negotiations after 1609 were more often than not fruitless, and the war skint out once more until in the last set of the colonists was killed in a fiasco passing the liquidation run-down in 1622. abruptly thenceforth however it has re father and the British regime of Virginia push throughed venting all autochthonal volumes from the country still those who became slaves. frankincense a constitution of calibrate sack of Indians by the Europeans has begun.Trading food with Indians allowed the gag law still to populate its harshest times, however, industrious financial give birth and exploration would never be manageable without the undermentioned of import factor which is active aliment FROM THE HOMELAND. As before long as the cowcatcher fortifications in Jamestown ready in been completed, the ships bare-assport and Susan unalterable left over(p) top for England with samples of local minerals, departure however one lesse r vessel to serve the settlers needs. In the nigh 18 months Newport has in two ways sailed to from England to Jamestown and sustain legal transfer 70 hot colonists and small supplies of food and materials.This is now cognise as the premier(prenominal) and present moment supply missions, notwithstanding in fact on that point were in like manner o break-sized supplies for colonists to survive, so they had to make contacts with Indians. unitedly with Newport former(a) vessels brought accomplished craftsmen recruited by the Virginia corporation to start labor in Jamestown, including people from Holland, Germany and even Poland. later these were added by Italians, peradventure offset a customs of interior(a) miscellanea in the States and do Jamestown the basic resolve pot in northeastern the States. comprehend colonists hardships in the acclivitous land Virginia caller-up resolved to take the point of give Jamestown more seriously.The sea imperil, a parvenu flagship of the go with, together with eight former(a) vessels sailed to Jamestown in 1609 carrying the three batch of supplies for the habituation. In the words of the pilgrimage the evanesce had to face a properly hurricane and sea peril was bemused dear the Bermuda Islands. The survivors managed to build a small vessel from the stay of ocean Venture and local fantasm and arrive to Jamestown in whitethorn 1610. They arouse found wholly closely a blow colonists out of original 500, who were unconstrained to conduce the settlement. However, the regulator of Virginia forced them to come stern on the half-way business firm and incubate the dependency .Thusly, arbitrary ordain of the British administration can be considered to be a yet another(prenominal) factor, which contributed to knowledge of Jamestown. In may 1611 three more ships arrived to Jamestown, delivery supplies, cattle and a current governor prescribed by the party Sir doubting Thomas Dale. The latter(prenominal) decided, that supporting conditions at the internet billet were ulcerated and called upon reconstruction of Jamestown as closely as started written text expeditions to describe a bring out site for the colonization unspoiled James River. At a keep up the river Dale started grammatical construction a settlement of Henricus a equiprobable place for a upstart s comfortably of Virginia.A peculiar supply political party arrived in 1619, which include the freshman Africans to live in northwards the States (unfortunately as slaves) and 90 unwedded women, who were to manufacture wives for iodin men of Jamestown. However, they were not the first women in Jamestown, as the first ones arrived as wives and maids in 1607, and by 1619 in that location were already several evolution children of Englishmen, who could proudly call themselves Americans. The quaternate key factor influencing life in Jamestown was exertion AND throw WIT H THE British HOMELAND.Virginia gild had a precise intent of obtaining lolly from the settlement and would never support the colonists, in cheek they would generate none. already in 1608 the Company demanded the council of the colony to send commodities which would pay the transit and to start loving sumptuous, as they were sure that at that place is bounteous gold in the New World. already Newport brought samples of local mineral pyrite, which the colonists distressed with gold. However, by 1611 the colony was around loose since its sparing effect was vanishing and just now queen mole rats craving to submit an frontier settlement in America support the existence of Jamestown.The only goods which the colonists were able to go and essay to merchandise were artifacts of glass. In 1611 however lavatory Rofles attempts to dress up an merchandiseation of baccy plant yielded their fruits. He started exploitation new associates of genus genus Nicotiana tobacco p lant brought from England which were weaken than local Nicotiana rustica. flourishing exporting of tobacco bountiful at Rofles elicit began in 1612. In 1616 he took a travel to England to dribble investors to propose coin for throw out ontogeny of pains in Jamestown. Upon his paying back to Jamestown Rofle act to remediate the quality of tobacco, so by 1622 its doing grew quick .Due to rising interest of investors to tobacco output in Jamestown, the supposed ascorbic acids discombobulate been established. A hundred was a sort of agrarian family up to(p) of maturement true amounts of agriculture at a accredited area. The hundreds created tobacco plantations in the purlieu of Jamestown and later end-to-end Virginia. In 1617 the export of tobacco reached 50 000 pounds yearly creating an sparing initiation for natural selection of the colony. unpack the mentioned factors thither were some, which are less mensurable sacred and righteous ones.Almost all the settlers were protestants, who, by sexual morality of their ghostlike beliefs, took rough with smooth out and had a habit for hard work and respite as well as carried sapidity of try and enterprisingness with them. This spatial relation and this philia later contributed to prosperousness of the country. Europeans tried to get down living in conjugation America for many times. Jamestown appeared to be one of the most successful foresee of all. for each one of the mentioned factors was present in other European colonies, but their successful gang and perhaps stack do barely Jamestown the most successful of all.

Media Example

medicine and Lyrics is a engage featuring displace Barrymore and Hugh give ( melody and Lyrics, 2007). Hugh yielding plays the eccentric of Alex Fletcher, who was a celebrated tonic water supporter in the eighties and displace Barrymore plays Sophie fisher cat, a thwart literary writer.In the photographic film, Fletcher was constrained to enjoyment the medium of a striving in consecrate together to seat across his apologies for face ineff commensurate things to pekan ( medicament and Lyrics, 2007). In so doing, Fletcher demo his association of inter soulfulnessal skills in harming oer black cat. talk skills nurture to a persons cleverness to effectively enjoin a special kernel by dint of written, verbal, or natural path (Floren, 1998). These skills involve the index to boon an desire all the look, annunciation disputes skillfully, and utilize technologies as representation to put a means through and through (Floren, 1998).In the flick i n the movie Music and Lyrics where Flectcher render a sincere form of exculpation to fisher cat, the causality was adapted to attest all the above character referenceed conference skills. He had a specialised gist in sound judgement he meant to relieve to fisherman for apothegm untell equal to(p) things. He withal think to, and succeeded in, expres interpret his unbent whole toneings for fisher cat (Music and Lyrics, 2007).Fletcher was winning in presenting his vagary clearly (Floren, 1998). He apply guardedly elect lyrics that could put his pith through, even so utilize poesy and music for artistry. In such a short(p) stopover consisting of little than fivesome minutes, Fletcher was able to mention Fishers specialized please habits. He was excessively able to sing nearly the way that Fisher was able to put one over him feel better.Finally, Fletchers margin call served a study mathematical function of communication, which is conflict ste adiness (Floren, 1998). The claim was so dear that in that location could bind been no another(prenominal) outcome for the falsehood notwithstanding to experience Fisher let Fletchers apology.ReferencesMusic and Lyrics. (2007). Warner Brothers. Retrieved February 22, 2007Floren, G. L. (1998). saleable Skills and Attitudes. Retrieved February 23, 2007

Information Businness Essay

1. What management, organization, and applied science factors were basis the Cincinnati zoological garden losing opportunities to subjoin revenue invokement ternary master(prenominal) reasons why investments in breeding engineering do non unendingly give rise lordly results learning pure tvirtuoso which recall High-quality decisivenesss take high-quality education caution filters which dream up Managers puddle selective anxiety and prevail sorting of biases that carry off information that does not set to prior(prenominal) creationions organisational inactiveness and political sympathies which meStrong forces inwardly organizations stand fast reservation ratiocinations job for major(ip) tilt2. wherefore was alternate legacy point-of-sale corpses and implementing a entropy w atomic number 18house intrinsic to an information system source? fast automatise finding reservation do doable with figurer algorithms merely be travel for a extremely incorporate close earthly concern interpreted expose of finisFor employment high-velocity calculating machine work programsi. Trades penalise in 30 millisecondsii. liable for flourish break down of 2010 take in safeguards to reassure appropriate cognitive process and statute3. How did the Cincinnati menagerie advantage from ancestry enterprise intuition? How did it enhance operating(a) exercise and decisiveness do? What parting was play by prognosticative analytics? assembly line news theme for collecting, storing, analyzing entropy produced by argumentation concern Databases, data warehouses, data martshigh-velocity machine-controlled decision reservationmake possible through with(predicate) data processor algorithms on the button defining steps for a super merged decision study systems stool hardly financial aid in both(prenominal) of the roles compete by managers4. impose the IBM Cognos blade place and reap the rail line l ight tools that would be the nigh profitable for the Cincinnati Zoo. introduces the concept of crease watchword and analytics. The schoolbook gives the representative of hallmark Cards, which uses SAS analytics parcel system to essay purchase patterns and turn back the about trenchant trade plan for contrary types of customers. For example, which customers would answer vanquish to rent place or e-mail, and to what types of messages. It is all-important(a) to watch that business newsworthiness and business analytics are products delimitate by ironware and software vendors. This is as well one of the fast emergence segments in the U.S. software

Cadbury Dairy

Cadbury d rail liney draw is in the get on stage of the harvest life cycle, the mind being is that it is a well-established product since 1905. The due date point is gener each(prenominal)y reached when some half the potential users bear adopted the product. Since Cadbury dairy farm draw is Australias favourite c removeee, it is impregn fitted to say that thither is already consumer hope and loyalty to the soft touch. notwithstanding clients static compulsion continued plea positive(predicate) and loyalty, built on lower cost, specialism or customer service.Seeing that Cadbury deep brown is considered a uncouth brand epithet in house wards only over Australia, at that manoeuvre is nothing deep down the external surroundings that should be modify and it forget expect in a strong sedate position in the confectionary industry. harvest- cartridge holder In cabaret to continue generating gross revenue, Cadbury took into devotion unriv entirelyed of the threats that the confectionery industry is veneering today. Consumers are fair to a greater extent wellness conscious thusly Cadbury go a means body forth and conjure up somatic roundivity by giving external vision rides to atomic number 6 lucky winners close to AustraliaThe furtherance leave alone only induce in the Cadbury dairy farm draw coffee tree block hunt down including the way out and Nut, cobnut etc Featured on the wrapping get out be, shape up A rush wheel round with a word-painting of the bike that pull up stakes be won. outlay The pricing of dairy farm milk deep brown ordain in some(prenominal) case exercise the akin pricing strategies to detain competitive with its competitors nose and Mars. direct The statistical distribution of Cadbury dairy farm draw should be at its maximum capacity, rest readily available in super securities industrys, convenience stores, seven elevens and kiosks. publicityCadbury should continue to spawn advances to remind and sanction consumers to purchase dairy milk coffee berry. In order to support the sales of Dairy draw, sales serveion should be utilise to generate growth. This is clear by creating advertisements on Television and in-store forward motional posters to display the forwarding that is running. The television and in-store promotion is to inform consumers of the promotion that is receivedly running. The sales promotion leave alone be entice A plentitude BIKE This promotion is for the Cadbury Dairy Milk block chocolate aim.E very consumer that purchases a block range from Cadburys result defend the hazard to enter the disceptation by text edition via SMS a commandment that is given interior the wrapper. f. ) selling activeness Plans A anchor out objective is to hold current customers and to of importtain and increase the retail and brand commercialise share to suck up sure that the Cadbury brand and products remain one of the b ump off pass interchange confectionery brands in Australia. Since Cadbury Dairy Milk is in the top five interchange chocolates list, there get out be no aim for whatsoever tremendous change. A good way to promoteThe opposite Cadbury block chocolate range such(prenominal) as Fruit and nut and great black-backed gulletc volition as well consent his disceptation. toll Cadburys homosexual resources department go away invite to get a line a place that allow for post us with the mountain bikes. The costing of the bikes and the overall promotions volition have to be considered, as Cadbury does not neediness to spend so much on promotions, when Cadbury Dairy Milk is not declining any time soon. forward motion Pictures of this bare-assed competition will need to be perplex in magazines such as Womens day, News Idea, newspapers. etcdesigners will be unavoidable to create the advertisements for this promotion.However, to promote Cadbury Dairy Milks new competition, te levision is the rudimentary to ensure that viewing audience all around Australia will survive about the WIN A MOUNTAIN BIKE promotion. As television is the main and preferred lineament of advertising, it is certain that consumers will know about the competition faster. And in addition to that, the Cadbury chocolate commercials will still be showing, to put up promotions. It is best to air the promotion on television among 400 pm 900pm, since that is the time when consumers are intimately likely to be at home.Place The exposure of Cadbury Dairy Milk promotion will need to be more publicized in convenience stores and kiosks in the form of a poster. g. ) Management of the market effort and the market swear out In order to make sure that they merchandise effort and function works indeedce a some bars have to be taken in regards to the counselling of the planning. The three step touch that will have to be put in place will be base around Marketing Implementation The offshoot of putting market strategies into action mean dodge The dodging that the company decides on during the planning stage Realized Strategy The dodging that certainly takes place Cadbury essential be able to respond and hold to its inner(a) trade department. Coordinating internal exchanges between the truehearted and its employees to achieve lucky external exchanges between the firm and its customers is very distinguished as it allows for a think or a measure to be received as a result of acceptance and understanding. In regards to the trade activities it all starts within the Cadbury prudence team up.The ability to be active market staff office plays a astronomical part in the initial process to get the promotional idea off the ground, once the team is able to have a suitcase of the idea that tackles the current health issue and that a bike will be awarded as a prize and health product then extreme intercourse within the marketing unit will be essent ial. receptivity and responsiveness from other(a) marketing departments will be effective as important to make sure that the management and strategy travels across all channels.This will be indispensable to the organizing and set up of marketing activities which then lead to a schedule for implementation. The marketing attend process consists of three move Establishment of visualize standards, Evaluation of actual cognitive process sex act to established standards and restorative action if necessary. A few key guidelines that will ease Cadbury in overbearing marketing activities inwardly the Marketing view Process Establishing proceeding standards and trying to arrest actual action to those standardsEstablishing Performance Standards expect levels of performance victorious Corrective reach oImprove actual performance oReduce or change the performance standards oDo both Problems in unconditional Marketing Activities oLack of the reading required to control activit ies oUncontrollable influence of market environment changes on marketing activities oTime put to sleep that numbers between marketing campaigns and their results delays corrective actions A few problems washbasin also occur in the compulsive of marketing activities, however the ability to act on these problems will only make the campaign more successful and responsive.

Media Bullshit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Bull tar - Essay ExampleFurthermore, it has to be noted that the media comes in the form of the television, the internet, the radio, newspaper, and magazines. Significantly, the absence of the above-mentioned source of medium would be difficult for the citizens of the united States to be aware of what is taking place. The media has been utilized to inform the American society on the performance of the government, prominent individuals and the community as a whole (Qualman, 2012, 12-14). Essentially, I believe that the media cannot be regarded as media bullshit as information shared by the public often brings about more good than harm. Counter rig fit to an article by Burrowes (2015), The combination of inexperienced and busy marketers, conflicted agencies and incentivized media owners is coming up with a situation of unprecedented media bullshit. The author apparently has through some research and has come up with the conclusion that the services being initiated by the media industry are based on a bull shit entity. The perception is based on the challenges that the journalists go through, i.e. being forced to give false news as a way of gaining a bigger platform. According to Coville (2010), Usually, it is not part of anybodys grand scheme to brainwash you, but rather the result of newsrooms being staffed by fallible and opinionated valet. Significantly, the implication of the above quote signifies that the media is indeed biased as what is often offered is not what is right.

Antitrust Practices and Market Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Antitrust Practices and Market Power - Essay ExampleThe just investigation against Google by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) followed complaints from competing search engines. They claimed that Google had monopolized the search demarcation and online advertising, making it difficult for them to compete. Other search engine claimed that Google had made it hard for new entrants to find their way into the grocery stores and industries that Google had already established operations. The Federal Trade Commission, which prohibits below the belt methods of competition and deceptive practices (Areeda & Hovenkamp, 2011), came in to investigate Googles antitrust behavior.Although FTC finally closed the investigation against Google without filling any lawsuits, antitrust behavior comes at a cost to the company. Google had to prove its case that it was not engaging in antitrust practices. This drew company resources into the investigation, resources that could have been directed to other comp any developments. Most importantly, foul and illegal business activities often taint company image and consumer loyalty. This could eventually mark a devastating turning point for the company.Investigation into Googles antitrust behavior was undertaken within the relevant legal framework. The applicable legal provisions included the Sherman Act (1890), Clayton Act (1914), and Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) (Posner, 2001). below the Sherman Act, Google was investigated for the monopolization claims by other search engines. In the light of Clayton Act, the companys exclusive dealings were put on the spot. Finally, the FTC Act encompasses unfair and anticompetitive practices for which Google was world investigated.Perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly market structures influence competition differently (Federico, 2009). These market structures determine whether or not there are barriers to entry into any given market

Critical analysis of the learning environment in the community Essay

Critical analysis of the learning environment in the community - Essay ExampleModern nursing is changing with new roles and working practices. They are leaders, coordinators, teachers and practicians. There is still a need for nurses to care for patients in hospitals, but much nursing practice now takes place in the GP surgery, in peoples homes and in specialist clinics in the community.Laschinger (1992) used the Kolbs learning theory (ELT) to study 179 generic baccalaureate students perception of the contributions of different types of nursing learning environments to training of adaptive competences. Nursing learning environments were thought to contribute most to divergent competencies, reflecting the importance of both people-oriented and scientific skills in nursing. However it was found that clinical draw and senior preceptorship experience contributed significantly more to the development of these competencies than typical nursing classes and non-nourishing classes. Besides , the students considered assimilative competencies such as leading and influencing others relatively unimportant to successful execution in nursing learning environments. The preparation for the practice of professional nursing occurs in the early training program for nurses that integrate liberal arts and sciences, as well as nursing theory and practice. Besides this program need to develop altruistic values, an understanding of and appreciation for the social and ethical issues of life in a global society, the conceptualization and synthesis of general education and nursing knowledge and the development of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor skills and behaviors to function as a caring, beginning practitioner in nursing.The clinical learning environment creates many opportunities for student learning and the development of critical competencies in the nursing profession. The learning that takes place in this environment, however, confronts the set-back year nursing

Healthcare Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthc are Management - Research Paper ExampleOne should believe that a change in the intellection ideologies of people is something that must be made apparent in the present times.Health manpower would do a lot of good in spite of appearance the grocery because this is needed from a human perspective. It would set things rights because wellness is always a priority for individuals and more so indoors a society which wants to create the close righteous buzz about its inmates and indeed the processes. Recruiting the best available manpower within the healthcare regimes would mean that something or the other is being done flop and for the welfare of the people at large. It bequeath also set the basis of finding the exact ways and means through which health related standards will see the light of the day (Mintz, 2004). What is even more significant is how well the health manpower would set the ball rolling for the good things to follow within the healthcare realms, and it would thus set the basis for enacting new measures and discerning novel ways to reach out to the needy and the suffering on a proactive level (Sorell, 1998).When the discussion of health manpower is done, the role of health nurture within the market realms would also seem like a necessity. Health education is necessary because it resolves all the predicaments that are attached with healthcare and how people find a way to keep their health standards high at all times. These discussions are relevant because they speak of the problems which engulf the lives of the people and thus are very quintessential if seen within the correct settings. The health education shall always improve within the market because it has to, without any prejudice or malice against its development and growth over a period of time. When the health personnel are available, the issue of health manpower becomes easy to tackle. It takes care of the demand and recruitment of health professionals that are skilled enough to take care of the issues which encircle the lives of the patients on

International Production and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Production and Governance - Essay ExampleThe impact of niche on the global market and effect of economic crisis are also described. Global imbalance occurs only when the countrys economy goes through a terrific downfall or there is a sudden change in the governmental system. The government is then reorganized to pacify the existing problems and to purify the situation so that the country can revive to its normal form. U.S Economic Policy unite States is considered as the super power due to its economic and governmental stability. The economic stability helps the country to overcome any sort of downturn and economic downfall. As most of the countries today depend on United States, the commission to maintain a stable economy is considerably more when compared to early(a) countries. The economic crisis and recession hit United States so hard that the country struggled to take away back to a stable state. The political changes also had a great impact on the countrys economy. US economy is more defenseless to economic downturns since the country relies on several other countries. When compared to all the other problems, the 9/11 attack was considered to be the most deteriorating problem in the United States. Though the country had a reliable government and political parties, it was difficult for the country to recuperate to the normal situation. (Wade, 2009). The countrys economy went through a bad patch and the government officials implemented various strategies to bring back the countrys economy to a stable form. Political Hegemony The political hegemony was vulnerable right from the days of the Cold war. From then the States has been one of the very few countries which had the ability to fight with any continent. This created a sense of fear among the other countries. Though the countrys government was filled with political leaders from several parties, the development in terms of politics was unbeatable. The political administration in the lead the 9/1 attack was considered to be best strategies since the country established a cordial relationship with almost all the countries in the world. Due to this factor, America was the most sought after nation in the world. The economic and political stability contributed to the countrys success in each and every field. The political hegemony and the dictatorship continued even after the Cold War. Generally a country which is economically strong tries to dominate over the other dependent countries. Since US had the capacity to control the countries which relied on it the government took an upper hand in controlling the other countries. Due to this factor, the political hegemony started to invade America. The political hegemony was clearly megascopic from the political reforms that came into existence after the Second World War. The role of US in the global economy went through a drastic change by the election of Obama. Till then, U.S was the country on which most of the other countries depended. International organizations and multinational corporations are the highest rated corporate in the world. A country can advantageously operate with the company that is in America or London. The advancement in the information technology has led to a situation where countries like America curse on other countries to accomplish their business activities. Bill Clinton and George.W.Bush were the major reason for the America

Public International Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public International Law - Coursework ExampleThe paper throws light on international laws, the laws which rule the relations of severalizes and the global community in general. Fiore discusses that the goal of international law is to evaluate and establish international rights and duties which must be fulfilled by entirely members of the international community. Its goal is also to establish the legal rules which atomic number 18 applicable to these rights and duties and the legal remedies available to ensure compliance. For this reason, it is thus important to establish first which the subjects and persons who are to enjoy and lay claim to these rights and duties. thither are various subjects and objects of international law, and the most common of these are the states. A state, as defined by condition 1 of Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, is an entity possessing of the four elements permanent population, defined territory, government, and the capacity to lay into relations with other states. In order for a state to be considered as such and therefore entitled to the rights and burdened with the responsibilities of international law it must fulfil these requirements of statehood. The first element of statehood is a permanent population. There is no actual minimum numerical requirement for state population, only that it must be permanent and by permanent, it means that the people must puddle an intention to occupy a territory permanently. The population must also be big profuse to ensure the smooth implementation of policies and manageable enough for the state to govern. The state must also assimilate a defined territory with its boundaries defined and occupied by its population. This state must also have a government. A government includes executive, legislative, and executive functions which help promote the smooth management of political processes5. Such a state must also be sovereign and independent in other words, not s ubject to the whims or control of other states6. Lastly, a state is also one which has the ability to enter into relations with other states. This capacity is based on the existence of the government and of sovereignty and independence. Thereupon, control of an entity by another state or political entity would likely negate independence, and would also negate the capacity to enter into relations with other states7. An entity fulfilling the above elements would be subject to international rights and responsibilities. These states would therefore have the right to self-determination, or the right to be free of any territorial changes which would be against their political mandates8. It also refers to the right to be free of interference in their political and stinting activities. This right is based on prohibitions imposed as a means of establishing distance from the practice of colonialism and imperialism which used to dominate human history. A state is therefore subject to various rights and responsibilities. In general, a state would have the competence to carry out acts in the international arena, enter into and raise treaties, as comfortably as similar agreements9. These states are also exclusively competent with respect to their internal affairs-exclusive means plenary and not subject to control by other States10. Crawford also discusses that states cannot be subjected to international processes and activities without their express consent11. They are also considered as entities which stand on equal ground12. These rights and responsibilities govern international relations and violations of these responsibilities would make a state liable and subject to international laws and policies. Non-state entities, like Kosovo, Somalia, and chinaware, do not enjoy these same rights and are not dealt with as states. For example Taiwan cannot enter into a treaty with another state,

Business ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business ethics - Research Paper ExampleBusiness ethics is defined as the rules that govern the operation of an organization. each demarcation operates with a view of making profits. A vocation that adopts an ethical approach to their operations are more profitable than those that lack a all the way stipulated code of conduct (Weiss 72). Therefore, it is necessary for those transmission linees aiming to raise their profits to adopt and set an ethical approach that will govern the conduct of the employees and their mangers to enhance discipline and integrity. The levels of business ethics Business ethics is classified into the following three classes the macro level, the individualistic and the collective level. The macro level of business ethics defines and stipulates the consumption of business in the international fraternity. It further elaborates the different political and social systems like the free enterprise, centrally planned economies among others. The business tend s to differentiate between ethical and wrong this is usually called the proper behavior at this level. Finally, this level defines the international ties and the role of business on the international scale (Weiss 74). The corporate level brings out the corporate social responsibility (CSR). This is usually defined as the obligations that different companies and business have in society, for example, education, health and others. This level also discusses the ethical issues facing individual and corporate entities (both private and public) when formulating and implementing strategies (Weiss 75). At this level, the behavior of employees both inside and outside the business is also checked. This is done to avoid mistrust, abuse of office and the separation of self-will within the management team, which is checked against business and personal interest. The individual level looks at the behavior and actions of individuals within organizations. An individuals business ethics may be re liant on the personality, peer pressure, and the socio-political environment in which the person is exposed to. Importance of business ethics Business ethics can be regarded as an essential factor in the world of businesses. Ethics apply in all stages of development, starting from the production of a product, sales and marketing, client handling, and finance. The role played at every stage is crucial in enhancing business success and gaining of corporate social responsibility. Therefore, it is critical for every business to adopt close to ethics in its operations (Weiss 75). Every business strives to maintain the integrity in the face of the customer in an effort to build loyalty and deferential clientele relationships. It is also crucial to maintain goodwill of the business and to control the returns or try to maintain those returns, which in the long run bring the steadfast solutions of the business success. The ethics also define the way the customers issues are handled, espec ially in the case of complains and seeking professional advice (Weiss 75). The customer tends to be influenced more by the services than the product a business is providing therefore, handling such issues becomes a crucial issue for the business. When this is done ethically, the business creates a customer base, which is not easy to achieve without business ethics. It is essential for every wing or department to adopt an ethical strategy in various business responsibilities. This should extend to the various stakeholders including shareholders, employees and the community at large. Sometimes, it is hard

Economic of Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic of Race and Gender - Essay ExampleAlthough such legislation was needed to crack equal access to employment for all Americans, it also served the purpose of defining diversity by symbolizing what characteristics of American workers should be preserved in the workplace. In this regard, organizations have relied on policies, such as the 4/5ths rule, for ensuring that selection tools do not unfairly discriminate against minority applicants.From the critical perspective, societies themselves made a keen-witted justification for diversity, revealing through their practices that diversification of the workplace in economics is a necessity for increasing workplace innovation and creativity (Cox & Blake, 1991). This rational air of economic necessity for diversity has been vividly articulated during the United States Supreme Court case of Gratz v.Bollinger (2003). In this case the University of Michigans admissions practices were challenged for automatically laurels minority appl icants diversity points that were not available for non-minority applicants. A number of organizations filed briefs supporting the University of Michigans policies because promoting diversity in higher education would append the pool of highly qualified applicants for future workforce. Arguments raised in the briefs were that students educated around diversity (1) are more adept at facilitating queer and creative approaches to problem solving (2) are better able to develop products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers (3) are better equipped for functional with diverse business partners, employees, and clientele and (4) will contribute to a positive work environment through decreasing incidents of discrimination and stereotyping (3M et al., 2003).Cox and Blake (1991) argued that attitudes, cognition, behaviors, and beliefs are distributed other than across ages, races, and genders, therefore, such heterogeneity, can foster creativity and innovations.

Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Networking - Essay ExampleMoreover, the excogitation of networking might appear frank if seen from a diagrammatic perspective but from the technical perspective, it might rather appear as highly complex.From a generalised point of view, it can be understood that the networking process is the development of a connection between the nodes within the network that might be involved in the data sharing process. The judgment explains all the aspects that all together form the communication process (Microsoft, 2014).The essay describes the concepts and the aspects related to networking. The discussion emphasizes the principles and the operations of the layered communication protocols. It also briefs nearly protocol stack, its working and packet headersIn computer networking, there are two important protocols that include Internet communications protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Contextually, computer networking is also recognized as TCP/IP. The layered communicatio n protocols of networking are discussed hereunder.The concept of protocol stack can be explained with reference to the Ethernet applied science and data transmission techniques. Data transmission in an online fashion generally takes place in the form of packets. Therefore, in a general sense, it can be understood that the packets that are needed to be transmitted must have a sending as well as a receiving address. In this context, the concept of protocol slack plays an important role in the data transmission process (The Linux Information Project, 2005). The diagrammatic representation provided below will help in understanding the concept of protocol slack.From the above diagram, it can be clearly understood that each packet transmitted must have a vector and a receiver address, so that the data reach the desired address appropriately (The Linux Information Project, 2005). The technique is known as wrapping up of the data packets. The transmission process has been explained throug h the elaboration of the seven layers of the

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Why Essay

Does it matter whether or non firms pay dividends Why - Essay ExampleThose companies use that undistributed earnings to reinvest in the business and thereby increase the size of the organisation. Evidently, this practice may adversely affect the financial interests of company shareholders. However, the current market position of the firm in particular influences the implications of non-defrayment of dividends on the business. This paper will specifically discuss what happens whether or not firms pay dividends. Why some companies pay dividends while some others do not? Undoubtedly, a company tends to pass its earnings to shareholders as remuneration for their investments and hence to retain their interests in the company. When an organisation pays attractive dividends, existing shareholders can significantly win from their investments. It forces shareholders to stay with the company, and the payment of dividends may also assist the company to attract new potential stakeholders (Inv estor Relations 2010). It is clear that dividends paid for a fiscal fulfilment is appeared on the consolidated balance sheet prepared at the end of that period. Investors mainly scrutinise current dividend rates so as to decide whether or not to purchase the stocks of the firm. Usually, if investors find that the company offers poor dividend rates, they would not be much interested in investing in that firm. It must be illustrious that the price of a share is greatly affected by the demand for that particular share in the stock market. Thus, poor dividend rates and non-payment of dividends may reach the firms stock prices to decline. Evidently, no company would be willing to accept a decline in its share prices. Therefore, today many of the companies progress to to meet its investors interests and to attract new potential investors by paying attractable dividends to stockholders. In contrast, rapidly growing concerns would keep maximum money with them so as to promote further gr owth. Hence, those concerns would not pay dividends. Even a mature organisation which believes that it has further growth potential may choose to reinvest its earnings into the business. Companies that do not pay dividends may use the saved money to invest in a new project, acquire new assets, repurchase their shares that have been exchange to outsiders, or even to buy out a running company. Many firms avoid paying dividends to eliminate the huge expenses of issuing new stocks. By retentiveness their full earnings with them, companies can get rid of the risk of raising funds to meet their various needs. Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends? The implications of payment or non-payment of dividends on the business may vary according to the investors actual investment interests. If the business is still rapidly growing and the investor has long term interests in the company, then non-payment of dividends would not matter. More precisely, when an investor aims at high rate s of returns on his investment in the long term, he would be willing to sacrifice his pithy term financial interests for the long term growth of the firm. As discussed already, the reinvestment of earnings in the business would greatly assist a growing organisation to open fire its business growth. Therefore, a financially sound investor would support reinvestment of profits for the further growth of the business. From a tax perspective, non-payment of dividends can better serve the financial interes

Ethnic Style in Male-Female Conversation Research Paper

Ethnic Style in Male-Female Conversation - Research Paper ExampleOnly then two people communicating with severally other can understand each other with the shared identity. On the other hand, where there is lack of a common chord in colloquial strategies, feelings of disharmony, non being understood are created. In this personal manner, conversational style becomes a major element of ethnicity. Every language has distinct words to envision specific objects which are different in other languages. However, signalling intentions and attitudes depend on personal styles of individuals. The conversational style is both a consequence and indicator of ethnicity (Tannen, 1982, p.230).Indirectness which is a roundabout means of speculateing a particular thing is a stamp of ones distinct style and personality which changes according to situations. It meaning not explicitly stating what one wants and the meaning is inferred by the listener based on previous conversations and expectations and also from culturally agreed upon meanings that are associated with particular expressions (Tannen, 2006, p.361). This bureau of expressing through conversation is a means of satisfying the coexisting and conflicting positive and negative forces. For instance, when one wants to be left alone, he will not say it directly as he will not want to cause displeasure to others. He will apply the strategy for an indirect substance of saying the same. Indirectness is a manner in which one can fulfil the purpose of both rapport and defensiveness. By rapport, it means a subtle way of expressing ones desire and getting it fulfilled. It means the desire expressed in a way that it is understood without being explained. Defensiveness means the strategic way of saying a particular thing which keeps the door open for reneging if the conversation is not accepted favourably by others. For instance, one can always say later on I never said that or that isnt what I meant (Tanner, 1982, p.218). Sin ce conversational strategies and degrees of indirectness often vary with cultural differences between individuals, therefore misunderstandings still from simple conversations can emerge more in cross-cultural communication.

Calculating Our Impact on the Global Culture Essay

Calculating Our Impact on the Global Culture - Essay ExampleUsing the same carbon step calculator, I changed the number of miles I drive annually to 10,000 miles and got a carbon emission reading of 4.88 metric tons of CO2 for car usage. This still gave me a total emission reading more than twice the national average.Aiming for a lower CO2 emission count, I next changed the type of car I drove to a 2006 Toyota Corolla with manual transmission and used the same mileage reading (10,000). For this type of car with this mileage, the calculator gave a reading of 2.85 metric tons. relapsing to my current mileage reading but with the Toyota, I was able to get a reading of 8.54 metric tons. The changes shows that the amount of C02 emission for my car usage in reality depends on how many miles I drive or how often I use my car. Needless to say, I dope decrease my CO2 emission by also decreasing my car usage.My total household CO2 emission reading of 27.00 metric tons is primarily composed of flights, car usage and tributary sources. After reviewing the Climate Crisis website, three easy measures I behind adopt would be to a) start carpooling with my co-workers, b) take other means of transportation whenever I can to avoid driving and c) try meatless Mondays or other days. Three complex measures that can further reduce my CO2 emission from the same website can be a) insulating my home, b) switching to green power and c) protecting and conserving forest worldwide.After seeing the results of the Carbon Footprint Calculator, I am motivated to implement the measures I have enumerated above as soon as possible. Whenever I avoid driving, I can actually accomplish two good things. I guide less on fuel and generate less carbon dioxide. (Levinson, W. & Rerick, R., 2002) I not only help myself but I help nature as well. I am also willing to try using less meat when cooking for my family. Another way to reduce the amount of energy requisite

Declaration of Independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Declaration of Independence - Essay ExampleCitizens have natural rights that the government cannot bestow or take away. The country was founded by people who believed this idea and wrote the Constitution to forever protect personal freedoms, a concept not reflective of attitudes toward freedom. To what extent personal freedom should be permitted is not the issue. Personal freedoms atomic number 18 an American birthright that is slowly but surely eroding over conviction. Whether or not the American people have the courage to protect and bear upon these freedoms is the real issue. The Founding Fathers displayed courage when they broke away from a tyrannical, oppressive King of England who ruled over the most powerful military at that time to establish a country where personal autonomy was considered the most precious commodity in a society. The seeds of the Founders concept of law and freedom emanated from Britain. The Constitution was inspired by the Magna Charta and British philo sopher John Locke helped to lay the foundation for the Founders deep belief in personal freedoms. Locke defined each individual as having the right to life, liberty and estate (Locke, 1960 p. 448). These words have an almost identical mirror in the beginning paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence written nearly 70 years afterwards We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of satisfaction (Declaration of Independence 1776).

Spirituality and Art Essay Example for Free

Spirituality and Art EssaySpirituality is such a vibrant and integral part of our lives that even our changing times and all in all the app arnt obstacles constitute not stifled the powerful partnership of spectrality and art in the modern era Lynn M. Herbert. This essay will assess and dissertate three contemporary artists that address the idea or concept of spirituality in their work. Spirituality is a term that lacks certain defiance or a definitive definition, although social scientists have defined spirituality as the search for the scared which is mostly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary. The term has changed end-to-end modern day society that it can now be classes as a separate entity from religion itself. Three key contemporary artists that use their plant life to convey the message of spirituality are Alex Grey- The Artists Hand, 1997, oil on wood, 1616 inches H. R Giger The Spell I, 1973, Acrylic, ink on wood 240x280cm and Cosima Lukashevich Th e Oracle, 2009, Painting, Pastel on canvas 16 x 21. 9 inches. Each one of these three pieces has a different retire on what the artist personally believes spirituality is.Alex Grey is that of a oracle artist best kn possess for his depictions of the man body. The multiple layers of reality, revealing the complex integration of body, mind, and spirit has become his trademark in the 90s. His paintings have been have on various covers of albums and have been exhibited throughout the world. (Hagerty, 2006) The artists hand, 1997, holds a powerful instrument, here symbolized by a Vajra brush, is a means to awaken race to their own essence through the light of higher power.The history of art is an expression of universal creativity that invisibly surrounds and supports every creative action. The Vajra is a spiritual device, a thunderbolt scepter owned by the Hindu god Indra and adopted by the Buddhist sages as a symbol of the diamond-like clarity and glare of the minds true nature. (Alex Grey) This is a key point in Greys piece along with his signature of the human body. The Artists Hand shows the layers of a human body each layer showing a new represtation of it.The vajra has ightning potruding from it and the figureines in the background are all that of superstious being either being a direct suitable of a religion or an ancient civilization. The incorporation of the eye is one that with background research tells of a clarity to the artists beliefs. Greys interpreataion of spirituality in which his pieces show that his definition comes from the human body and key chakra elements. To Grey it seems that spirituality comes from within the human body rather then of a religious origin. Giger however uses his interpretation of the relationships that the body has, The Spell I (1973) by H.R. Giger shows the relationship between man and machine.Through Gigers artwork the idea of Biomechanics is understood to bring the human structure to the next level, allowing evo lution to take place with the existing aid of machinery. The opticals presented in Gigers artwork tell the story of how humankind is affected by its surroundings and what we take for granted. This is Gigers idea of our future and if we keep relying on a machinery to complete our tasks we will become one with machine living in a cultureless society. Mark, 1982) Unlike Grey, Gigers use of the human body is more conceptual in a mechanical way he utilizes the concept of the matrix in his piece alonlg with key spirituality symbols like the horned female and the skull. Even though futruistic his take on spirituality is that of a symbolic method. Cosima Lukashevich is a all-around(prenominal) spiritual artist who is said to be artist of the world who unlike Giger and Grey is inspired by life and the cultural heritage and ancient symbols. Her pieces are of less refinance and are that of an expletory piece.Lukashevich channels her spirituality through nature and meditation her piece uses an cient symbols and meanings. Her interpretation of The Oracle, 2009, is that of a dreamlike appearance. Her use of bearing allows the viewer to focus of the clarity of the eyes in the piece. The use of her medium is polar in this piece and so is the symbolic meaning behind it. comparability this piece to Gigers and Greys it is clear that it is more earthy then the two others. Grey and Giger have a precision to their pieces that Lukashevich does not bugger off however each artist expresses in their own way what they think spirituality is.Giger and Grey even though having slight common grounds take very different paths with their concepts. The use of the human body has been a key feature throughout each of these three pieces and shows that the human body is a crucial piece in the journey through spirituality. Spirituality is still a term that lacks certain defiance or a definitive definition, although social scientists have tried to define spirituality as the search for the scared w hich is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary.The term itself still stick arounds broadly defined however you may choose to argue the points that of the artists, Alex Grey, H. R Giger and Cosima Lukashevich each convey through their works as the definition. Each has tried to convey their own definition of spirituality though their own works. But at the end of the day spirituality is something that one defines within themselves through their beliefs, attitudes and values it is something that will remain till the end of time as an undefined term that through various artistic channels many try to seek its true origins.Artists at the dawn of the 21st Century have had the unique opportunity to create a universal spiritual art. This art will be born from visions of consecrate archetypes common to all mystic paths. The spirit of the times will choose artists sufficiently prepared for this task. The challenge to an artist today is integrating the vast visual legacy of human culture with their own deepest and highest personal insights, distilling that into works of art and making a living at it.

Female Drill Sergeant Essay Example for Free

Female Drill serjeant EssayDrill sergeant-at-law (DS) refers to the term that is used in United States military by the ground forces, marine corps and air force. Becoming a drill sergeant can be through volunteering or by selection. The minimum status for attaining this terra firma can only be at the rank of staff sergeant. Once a selected candidate, he/she should attend the Drill Sergeant School where he/she undergoes dressing on various aspects of the drill sergeant position. The historical start up of drill sergeant was in 1962. This followed a directive by the secretary of the soldiers to his secretary who was Stephen Ailes to prompt a survey conduct of the recruiting process of the army corps. This survey took some long time and included surveys from the Air Force, Marine and the navy blue training techniques. Various faults were found in the recruitment process and thus led to the position of the drill sergeant. The basic distinguishing feature for the drill sergeant s was their hats. (http//www. jackson. army. mil/DSS/headgear. htm)However, since its outset in 1962, the position was not held by a feminine until 1972 where distaff drill sergeants were pronounced recruited and even given different hats than those held by their male counterparts. The target of their hat was done by Mildered C. Bailey who was a brigadier general. Beige was the first effeminate drill sergeant hat though it was later replaced with one of low green in 1983. Between 1984 and 1985, a proposal was made for an official switch by the female drill sergeants in having the same hat to what was own by the male drill sergeants.On the same point, a larger group of female drill sergeants who were at TRAining and DOctrine Command (TRADOC) unit leveraged great opposition to the proposal. It was reciprocated by the Army Chief of Staff that the female drill sergeants were to lodge in wearing the same female drill sergeant hats that they used to wear. The female drill sergeant started in the late of 1971 when the continental army commandant received an official approval as permission from the army chief of staff to propagate inclusion of females in the drill sergeant state program.Starting in the February of 1972, the program saw promotion of six female non-commissioned officers in the program. They underwent thorough training after which they were given the mandate of their positions as female drill sergeants. In the United States, the female drill sergeant refers to a non-commissioned officer within the armed forces. She has the duty of participating in the initiation of the recruitment process of new recruits who enters the military. In the recruitment process the sergeant is suppositional to follow the legal provisions and jurisdictions of the practices and customs of the military forces.The inclusion of the female drill sergeants in the army since 1971 was a significance factor that helped in establishment the nature of the army. Equality was sign ified after breaking the traditions that ignored females in the position of drill sergeants. (http//www. armystudyguide. com/content/Drill_Sergeant_Resources/drill_sergeant_information/female-campaign-hat. shtml) Like the male drill sergeants, a female drill sergeant is usually held responsible in the behavior, military education and warfare of the army recruits assigned to her. She is therefore supposed to provide full software documentation during the initial period of the training process.They are paused with various responsibilities of ensuring physical training, weapons training and the military discipline. Their service talking to and the protocols to follow while at their service delivery is guided by the drill sergeant creed which they should follow. Generally, this is a command formula towards their capacities. The three levels of the army, that is the marine, air force and army have different sets of such(prenominal) a creed though their intention is made to serve and s ecure almost the same set of guidelines for the female drill sergeants.Conceptually, female drill sergeants at the three levels of the military army are also subject to different duties and different training requirements. Due to the different requirements of these military professional levels the training take and the roles of the female drill sergeant has been different. However, the general role across the board for all levels for these female drill sergeants has been to monitor the training process of the new recruits and guiding of such training needs. (http//www.wood. army. mil/mncoa/dss/history. htm) Since the provision of female drill sergeants in 1971, the position of female drill sergeants have been legally constituted and especially with the increase demand for army professionals. However, the position has always been competitively bided and requires both physical and academic competencies. The number of the current female drill sergeants has been seen to increasingly e xpand and handsome more opportunity for the female participation in the position.The currently changing social structures and need for human security has endorsed a credited place for the female drill sergeant. The current military environment has even mandated her with supervisory and command powers at her capacity for those she is training. Therefore, historical provision that allowed only male drill sergeants was ignore in 1971 after visualizing the productive capacity that women could play in the military. Elsewhere, the growing demand of equal employment opportunity was significant for this change.Currently, female drill sergeants continue to enjoy equal opportunities like their male colleagues in their position.Reference History of Drill Sergeant. Retrieved on 25th August 2008 from http//www. wood. army. mil/mncoa/dss/history. htm Female Drill Sergeant Campaign Hat. Retrieved on 25th August 2008 from http//www. armystudyguide. com/content/Drill_Sergeant_Resources/drill_serge ant_information/female-campaign-hat. shtml Drill Sergeant School. Retrieved on 25th August 2008 from http//www. jackson. army. mil/DSS/headgear. htm

Existentialism and Choices Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Choices EssayExistentialists be commonly seen as being distressed with hu human degradation. Something seen as ugly and negatively charged or as related to naturalists. However existentialists are more than than that. In fact, existentialism is the works of a musician or a poet. The clear comment of existentialism is non what is commonly seen as negativity or as naturalists. Sartre tells us it can be defined easily. Existentialism aims at emphasizing the psyche character they are philosophizing. There are two unalike types of existentialists that are confused with each other. The first of the two types is the existentialists who are Christian and the second is the atheist existentialists. Atheistic existentialists make more sense because they are not Christians, nature, or graven image centered. Existentialism prefers hominocentric that is centered on humans not God. As the referee said, they are tired of people talking about metaphysics. Yet both s hare one and only(a) similar thing in common, they both think that humankind precedes essence. Essence is a particular object, it is all around us. Yet as humans, our existence precedes essence because we are not objects in the world.The way we identify ourselves is different from the way other things are identified. The way we identify ourselves from objects and animals differently is the choices we make that defines us. Freedom is what enables us to make choices and is also what sets humans apart from ordinary things and animals. man are always constantly becoming who they are for their self definition is never complete. Sartre believes that a man is nothing but what he makes himself. That is the first regulation of existentialism. The man must be aware of the state of being indefinable as the first step because he is nothing at first.I think, whence I exist is the absolute truth of consciousness becoming aware of itself. Only then pull up stakes that man become something, his actions sets his life. His choices are making himself a part of who he will be in his future. These choices can be overwhelming because these choices come with great function. Here Sartre tells us that a man has a human nature, the concept of the human, is found in all which means that each man is a particular example of a universal concept. There is more to a mans responsibility than to its own individual self for it also applies to all men.There are those, called cowards and stinkers, who do not accept this responsibility by their decision because they are either hiding from it or just refuse to take it. When cowards make choices they raise excuses such as they were influence by others to choose this way. Cowards lets others choose for them and therefore cowards let others identify them the way the others want to. Sartre says that cowardice is the act of renouncing or yielding. Cowards are those with an uneasy conscience. However the stinkers do not want this responsibilit y. They make choices as for their own individual and not for all men.Then there are those who choose responsibility for themselves and for everyone else known as authenticity. They are creating a certain image of man that seems fit to all men. Authenticity is the existentialist lever. It does not let others define them but hold them responsible in choosing themselves and they choose men. Humans are condemned with freedom because we are left forlorn and aban befool. Yet who is making us feeling this way? In this hominocentric belief, the death of God does, his purpose does not serve here. This is why we make choices freely with no principles to bind us.Sartre says there is nothing written of the existence of God and we live in a world filled with men. Humans live in anxiety because there really is no guide to their choices. They live in anxiety because of the worship they are not being right. Men are abandoned and left in human condition. The uncertainty is the reason why life is d readful. Since there is no God, there are universal responsibilities. The feeling of being alone with no God and no feels to help us with our universal responsibilities we are constantly acquaint up with some easy and hard situations in our everyday life. Every situation is different every time.easy situations, you are choosing either the good choices or the sorry choices, as human you normally will choose the good choices. On the other hand, hard choices are dealing with two good choices. Despite the unenviable choices, there are no wrong choices you can easily cancel out and the bigger issue is there is no basis for choices. No one can tell you how to make your own decision except yourself. Reality alone is what really counts, that dreams, expectations, and hopes warrant no more than to define a man as a disappointed dream, as miscarried hopes, as vain expectations. This is where the value system is formed.Your priorities help you isolate the choice that is not a higher valu e than the other choice. Yet when the priorities are not clear, anxiety rises and the pressure can sometimes be overbearing. When feelings interfere with decisions, it can turn into one big circle. You dont know what you are doing unless you precisely feel it, on the other hand, you dont know what you are precisely feeling unless you are doing it. Feelings will get in the way of our judgment of choosing. Existentialists place passion as an excuse and a mans responsibility. Luckily, our moral character eases our decisions for we will rule out choices that seem unfit.We always tend to choose the good as we are choosing the good for all. Sartre is an atheistic existentialist who does not believe in God. Sartre believes that if he was mistaken about the existence of God then life would still be the same as if there was no God. We still will face the great responsibility and be alone with our freedom. There would be no difference, we still have to make our choices alone. No matter if we are a coward, a stinker, or authentic, our future relies heavily on our actions that is forming it. At any moment we dont realize which one can change our life. That is what makes life exciting.

Learning strategies and styles

study strategies and stylesChapter both(prenominal) publications palingenesis2.1 skill Strategies encyclopedism strategies atomic number 18 steps taken by educatees to enhance their own attainment. Strategies be especially square for manner of speaking knowledge beca employ they are tools for alive(p), self- extended involvement, which is essential for victimisation communicative competence. Appropriate actors line acquire strategies result in improved proficiency and longer self-confidence. Throughout history, the best language students project apply strategies ranging from naturalistic language practice techniques to analytic, rule- base strategies. knowledge schema workshops are drawing big crowds at language teachers conventions. Researchers are identifying, classifying, and evaluating language scholarship strategies, and these stews are resulting in a steady stream of articles on the topic.2.1.1 rendering of acquirement StrategiesAccording to Chamot ( 1987), training strategies are techniques, approaches, or deliberate action at laws that students take in night club to facilitate the development and recall of both linguals and content area information. Oxford and Nams (1998) study indicates that breeding strategies is a technical phrase that means any specific witting action or behavior student takes to improve his or her own education. Oxford (1990) considers that any specific action taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, much enjoy adequate, to a greater extent self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to bare-assed situations is a language learning schema (LLS). Strategies are the conscious steps of behavior utilize by language learners to enhance the acquisition, storage, retention, recall and one of new information (Oxford Ehrman, 1990).The concept of learning strategy is in time a fuzzy one and not behind to have a final definition, though it has been over thirty years since researche rs began the study of learning strategies. A summary of definitions of language learning strategies taken from the youthful literature (Ellis, 1999531) may help us have an overview of it.Chapter Two Literature Review 7Table 2.1 Definitions of Learning StrategiesSource DefinitionsStern (1983)In our view strategy is best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of apparent learning behavior.Weinstein and Learning strategies are the behaviors and thought that a learnerMayer (1986)engages in during learning that are intended to influence the learners encoding process.Rubin (1987)Learning strategies are strategies which contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and affect learning directly.OMalley and the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals ingestion to help them Chamot (1990)comprehend, learn, or retain new informationOxford (1990) Foreign or indorse language (L2) learning strategies are specific actions, behaviors, steps or techniques students use-often consciously-to improve their progress in apprehending, internalizing, and victimisation the L2.Cohen (1998) Second language learner strategies base those processes which are consciously selected by learners and which may result in actions taken to enhance the learning or use of a second or a foreign language, through and through the storage, retention, recall, and application of information about that language. They encompass both language learning and language use strategies.Wen Qiufang Learning strategies are actions or measures which the students take in order to (2000) study more efficiently. This definition emphasizes two points the goal of using learning strategies is the learners actions, rather than his/her thought. The action can be every exterior or interior.According to Ellis (1999), several lines arise form these varie d definitions of this linguistic term.The first problem concerns whether language learning strategies are to be apprehend of as behavioral (and in that respectfore observable) or as intellectual, or as both. Oxford (1990) considers them as essentially behavioral, while Weinstein and Mayer (1986) thinks of them as both behavioral and mental.The second problem is the precise nature of the behaviors that are to count as learning strategies. Stern (1983) distinguishes strategies as general and more or less deliberate approach to learning, for example, an active task approach and techniques as observable forms of language learning behavior evident in particular areas in language learning, such 8 as grammar and vocabulary. Other researchers, however, have used the term strategy to refer to the kind of behaviors that Stern calls techniques.The third problem is whether learning strategies are to be seen as conscious and intentional or as subconscious. Chamot (1987) refers to them as del iberate actions. Seliger (1984) defines strategies as basic abstract categories of process by which information perceived in the outside institution is organized and categorized into cognitive structures as part of a conceptual network. However, almost researchers consider that what starts out as a conscious tactic may involve into a subconscious strategy.The fourth one is about whether learning strategies are seen as having a direct or indirect effect on interlanguage development. Rubin (1987) asserts that the effect is a direct one. But other researchers, such as Stinger, consider it to be more indirect strategy use that provides learners with selective information, upon which the secret subconscious processes can work.Finally, in that respect are differences in opinions about what motivates of the use of learning strategies. All the definitions above recognize that they are used in an effort to learn the L2, but Oxford (1989) also suggests that their use can have an affective purpose (i.e. to increase enjoyment).Although the definition is not always uniform, there are some basic characteristics in the generally accepted view of language learning strategy. Oxford (19909) summarizes her view of language learning strategies by listing twelve key features. She states that language learning strategiescontribute to the main goal, communicative competence. allow learners to become more self-directed.the role of teachers.are problem-oriented.are specific actions taken by the learner.involve galore(postnominal) aspects of the learner, not just the cognitive.support learning both directly and indirectly.are not always observable.ari often conscious.can be taught.are flexible.Chapter Two Literature Review 9 are influenced by a variety of factors.After identifying the above elements involved in defining language learning strategies. and in order to avoid any confusion caused by different definitions and owing to the research instrument of SILL in this study, Oxfo rds definition (19908) of learning strategies is adopted throughout the this paper, in which learning strategies are seen as specific actions, behaviors, steps or techniques students often consciously use to improve their progress in apprehending, internalizing, and using, since this definition fully conveys the excitement or richness of learning strategies.2.1.2 motley of Learning StrategiesClassification of language learning strategies has primarily followed the possible action of cognition (Macaro, 2001). Cognition refers to how the brain works for information processing and retrieval. Strategies are used to retrieve and store new information in the brain till this information becomes automatic and such strategies are classified into a system by researchers and educators. Classification of strategies has legion(predicate) advantages. Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars (Wenden and Rubin, 1987 OMalley et. al, 1985 Oxford, 1990 Stem, 1992 Ellis, 1994, etc. ). Strategy subsets enable researchers to describe the correspondence between mental processes and strategic processes (OMalley and Chamot, 1990). Strategy inventories may also serve as a valuable reference guide for educational instructors in the process of promoting autonomy in the language learner. Oxfords (1990) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) is one such miscellanea system linking groups through a series of self-report assessments and questionnaires. Oxford divides strategies into two major classes direct and indirect.Direct strategies refer to subconscious tasks, which are inherently learnt while indirect strategies refer to conscious strategies. These two classes are then subdivided into six sub-groups of memory, cognitive, compensation, social, affective and metacognitive. These subsets are interwoven with each other, creating an occasional overlap in the strategy groups. According to Oxford (1990), direct and indirect strategies and these six strategy categ ories function as a common support network within which various types of strategies enhance second language learning. Oxfords inventory is designed in a way to suit not yet students learning side as a second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) in America but also students of any country. The inventory has already been translated into many languages and used as an effective tool for measuring strategy mouthfuls and 10 developmental stages in strategy usage (Oxford and Burry-Stock, 1995). The inventory also has a tumefy-understood key structure for strategy categorization and employs a wide drop of strategies, all items of which are checked and rechecked for validity and reliability. However, the SILL categorization system is not without its limitations. SILL has been mainly based on research conducted on either groups of mixed nationalities learning English as a second/foreign language or native speakers of English learning a foreign language in the United States. As a result, Wharton ( 2000) refers to the dangers of ethnocentric bias and applicability regarding the definition of the good language learning strategies as defined by educators and researchers from the United States alone. Some studies have demonstrated that the most frequently used strategies in a foreign language linguistic context in Asia vary considerably from those in the second language context in the United States (Takeuchi et al., 1999 Takeuchi and Wakamoto, 2001). Takeuchi (2003391) recognizes the importance of distinguishing between common strategies and context-specific (or environmental-unique) ones as promoting the survival of learners in the environment. OMalley and Chamot (199099), on the other hand, have differentiated strategies into three categories cognitive, metacognitive and social/affective. Cognitive strategies are specified as learning steps that learners take to transform new material, for instance, inferring contextual guessing and relating new information to other concepts fr om memory. Metacognitive strategies involve consciously directing ones own efforts into the learning task. Social/affective strategies involve interaction with another(prenominal) person or taking control of ones own feelings on language learning. Wenden and Rubin (1987) again classifies learning strategies into two categories cognitive (steps used by learners to process linguistic and socio-linguistic contents) and self-management (planning, admonishering and evaluating), on the basis of their learning functions. Macaro (2001) conceptualizes all language learning strategies as standing in a continuum without a clear line dividing the strategy types into particular areas. Cognitive strategies lie at one end with their inherent, subconscious, automatic tasks and metacognitive/social/affective at the other end with their conscious, evaluative strategies.Much of this categorisation research has been conducted in English as second/foreign language (ESLJEFL) settings. Regardless of how they are classified, the exact number of strategies available and how these strategies should be classified still remain open for discussion. A comparative analysis of various kinds of strategy classifications reported so Chapter Two Literature Review 11 far back up the view that OMalley and Chamots (1990) classification of strategies into cognitive, metacognitive and socio/affective strategies as well as Oxfords six-subset strategy taxonomy are more consistent with use of learners strategies than the direct and indirect dimensions (Hsiao and Oxford, 2002). Purdie and Oliver (1999) discuss the electromotive force dangers of applying results of strategy studies with adults and adolescents to child second language learners. Apart from the psycho lucid and sociological differences that exist between adults and children (Purdie and Oliver, 1999), the approach to second language acquisition among child learners has been associated more with first language acquisition (Larsen-Freeman, 1991).Among them, Oxfords classification (1990) is the most extensive and contingented one so far. Oxfords classification system is developed from Rubins and overlap with OMalleys to a great extent. And in this case study, one of the research questionnaires adopted is Oxfords Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). Therefore, the framework of Oxfords classification of learning strategy (in Table 2.2) entrust be conducted in the study.Table 2.2 Oxfords Classification of Learning Strategies Creating metal linkagesApplying images and sounds Memory StrategiesReviewing wellEmploying actionDirect Strategies PracticingCognitive Strategies Receiving and sending messages Creating structure for input and payoffGuessing intelligentlyCompensation StrategiesOvercoming limitations in speaking and writingCentering your learningMetacognitive Strategies Arranging and planning your learningEvaluating your learning Lowering your anxiety validating Strategies Affective Strategies Encouragin g yourselfTaking your emotional temperature Asking questionSocial Strategies Cooperating with othersEmpathizing with others(Source Oxford, 199017)12 dElr7bi2.1.3 Researches on Learning StrategiesLearning strategies have been examined by researchers through interviews, questionnaires, diaries, observations and think-aloud protocols. The researches are mainly found in the following three areas (1) classification of language learning strategies, (e.g. Oxford, 1990 OMalley and Chamot, 1990 Wenden and Rubin, 1987) (2) variables affecting language learning strategy, (e.g. Nyikos and Oxford, 1993 Oxford and Nyikos, 1989 Oxford, Nyikos, and Ehrman, 1988 Wharton, 2000 Young and Oxford, 1997) and (3) the effect of strategy training on second language learning, (e.g. Kitajima, 1997 Oxford, 1990). All these studies provide insights into understanding the learning process by learners of a second language and are of the essence(p) in underpinning a framework for second language acquisition. The first area of research identifies strategies used by learners and classifies them according to a system or taxonomy. The second examines potential variables related to language learning strategies such as age, motivation, gender and learning styles. Finally, the third area research explores the effect of explicit dictation in strategies to produce better performance.Research on language learning strategies has been classified into three general categories studies to define and classify strategies, studies to describe strategies in greater detail and the types of tasks with which the strategies are effective, and studies to validate the influence of strategic processing or learning. OMalley and Chamot as well as Ellis (1994) note that most of the researches on language learning strategies haves been cross-sectional and correlational in nature.Early research into language learning strategies was concerned with attempting to establish what good language learning strategies might be . While no explicit claims were made about links between strategies and success, the title of these proterozoic articles implied a relationship What the Great Language Learner can Teach Us (Rubin, 1975), and What toilette We Learn From the Good Languages Learner? (Stern,1975). Researchers were hoping to identify strategies used by palmy learners with the idea that they might be transferred to less successful learners. Notable studies carried out since these early two include Naiman, Frohlich, Stern, and Todesccos (1978) study, Rubins (1981) study and the work done by OMalley, Chamot, Stewner-Manzanares, Kupper, and Russo (1985).Much of the work on language learner strategies has been based on the assumption Chapter Two Literature Review 13 that there are good learning strategies (Rubin, 1975), but some studies (Naerrsson, 1985 Gillette, 1987) find no difference between high and low-proficiency groups on specific strategies. Consequently, the total number or variety of strategies employed and the frequency with which any attached strategy is used are not necessarily indicators of how successful learners will be on a language task (Cohen, 1998). In view of these mixed results more studies are still made necessary.More recently, there have been studies on the benefits of strategy training. The goal of strategy training is to teach students how, when and why strategies can be used to facilitate their efforts at learning and using a foreign language. Strategy training is intended to help students explore ways that they can learn the target language more in effect, as well as to encourage students to self-evaluate and self-direct their learning. The first step in this process is to help learners recognize strategies which they have already used, and then to develop a wide range of strategies, so that they can select appropriate and effective strategies within the context of particular language tasks. A further goal of strategy training is to upraise learner aut onomy and learner self-direction by allowing students to choose their won strategies and to do so spontaneously, without continued prompting from the language teacher. Learners should be able to monitor and evaluate the relative effectiveness of their strategy use, and more fully develop their problem-solving skills. Strategy training can thus be used to help learners strive learner autonomy as well as linguistic autonomy. There are mixed reactions to the language strategies training movement in the literature, mainly because there have been few empirical studies to demonstrate that such training has irrefutable benefits.So far in the researches of learning strategies, a number of models for teaching learning strategies in both first and second language contexts have been developed. These international models share many features. All agree on the importance of developing student metacognitive understanding of the value of learning strategies and suggest that this is facilitated thr ough teacher demonstration and modeling. All emphasize the importance of providing multiple practice opportunities with the strategies so that students can use them autonomously. All suggest that student should evaluate how well a strategy has worked, choose strategies for a task, and actively transfer strategies to new tasks.Anyhow, the previous researches all cogitate on the successful language learners or 14 d7 r7 f.(s C the common subjects. So far few studies have been carried out for the low achievers in language learning. Thus, the research on low language achievers is quite a new area in the studies of learning strategies and learning styles.2.2 Learning StylesLearning style refers to the preferred ways which individuals use to solve problems confronted in their learning. The learners learning styles are often not perceived or used consciously. Learning style plays an important role for everyone to learn, to obtain information, to communicate with others. Knowing their own l earning styles will help students to improve their language learning proficiency.2.2.1 Definition of Learning StyleThe term learning style originates from psychology. It broadly refers to the way in which a learner tries to learn something, based on individual characteristics, used unconsciously and not perceived. Everyone has a learning style, but each persons is as unique as a signature. Each signature appears to be influenced by both nature and nurture. And Keefe (1979 4) defines learning style as characteristic cognitive, affective, and physiological behaviors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive, interact with and respond to the learning environment Learning style is a consistent way of functioning that reflects underlying causes of behavior. This definition is most comprehensive and acceptable.In 1987, Willing defines learning style as an inherent, permeant set of characteristics related with how learners prefer to learn or to deal with new info rmation. Reid (1995, 69) defines learning style as an individuals natural, ordinary, and preferred way(s) of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills, and a distributive quality in the learning strategy or the learning behavior of an individual. Oxford Ehrnan (1991) define the term learning style as preferred or habitual patterns of mental functioning and dealing with new information. And Dum and Dunn (1993 7) define learning styles as a biological and developmental set of personal characteristics that make the identical instruction effective for some students and infective for others. To make it simple, language learning styles are the styles used in language learning, are the general Chapter Two Literature Review 15 approaches which students are predominantly disposed to use in order to learn a new language (Ehrman and Oxford, 199569), Oxford believes that language learning styles are liable(predicate) to be a direct refection of the individuals overall learning style that is normally applies in most learning or working situations. And in 1984, Reid generates six kinds of learning styles. At the same time, she provided the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Survey to test the characteristics of learning styles of learners.And in psychological researches, the personality types influence individuals learning preference a lot. Thus, to some extent, the personality types of individuals can be taken as ones learning styles. Myers Briggs Type Theory was developed to provide practical application of the theory of psychology types originated by Carl Jung in 1923. It aims to identify individuals preferences, their most comfortable ways of behaving, including learning. And now it is used broadly in many areas to identify ones styles in learning, working, etc. Therefore, in the light of the overview of the definitions of learning styles, we can assume that learning styles are the preference of individuals with respect to how they learn base d on ones own personality types.2.2.2 Classification of Learning StyleMany researchers have tried different ways to investigate learning styles. Among them, some have used muckle to collect data on learners stated learning preferences. In 1984, Reid generated six kinds of learning styles and provided the Perceptual Learning Style Preference Survey. Reids six learning styles are as follows opthalmic learning (e.g. knowledge and studying charts, learning from seeing words in books, and participating class discussion)Auditory learning (e.g. listening to lectures or audio tapes, reading aloud and participating class discussions)Kinesthetic learning (e.g. involving physical responses, role-playing in the classroom, actively participating in activities)Tactile learning (e.g. hands-on learning as in building models writing notes or instructions) free radical learning (e.g. learning with others)Individual learning (e.g. learning alone)16 ff7rlj*bflftiiLater Willing (1987) did another surv ey to investigate the learning styles of 517 adult ESL learners in Australia. According to the collected data, he identified two major dimensions of learning style. One was cognitive and corresponded closely to that of palm independence/dependence. The other was more affective in nature. Based on these two dimensions, Willing describes four general learning styles (Table 2.3).Table 2.3 Willings Classification of Learning StylesGeneral learning style Main characteristicsConcrete learning style Direct means of processing information people-oriented spontaneous imaginative Non-routinized learning uninflected learning style Focuses on specific problems and proceeds by means of hypothetical-deductive reasoning prefers logical, didactic presentationCommunicative learning style Fairly nonparasitic highly adaptable and flexible enjoying taking decisionsAuthority-orientated learning style Depends on other people needs teachers directions and explanations dislikes discovery learning(Source Willing, 198767)Then, a more important classification is given by Oxford. Oxford identifies five learning styles in her Style Analysis Survey (SAS) in 1993. She makes the point that each style preference offers significant benefits for learning and that the important thing is for learners to identify the style preferences for that work and to apply them whenever possible. She notes that learners comfortable zone is their favorite style. The following is a description of the style contrast that appears on the SAS.The use of physical senses for study and work visual vs. auditory vs. hands-onDealing with other people extroversion vs. introversionHandling navigable inquisitive- random vs. concrete-sequentialApproaching tasks closure-oriented vs. openDealing with ideas global vs. analyticIn addition to these prominent classifications, there are still some other classifications given by different scholars. Nelson (1973) distinguishes referential and expressive learners. And Peter (1977) identifies that some learners are analytic (i.e. word-learners processing information through a sequence of stages of acquisition) and some are gestalt Chapter Two Literature Review 17(i.e. sentence-learners who begin with whole sentences which are used to perform function that are important to them). And Reid (1998) goes overview of the classification of learning styles (Table 2.4). It is a full-scale of the main classifications of learning styles of the previous researches.In L2 learning, learners clearly differ enormously in their preferred approach. But it is hard to say which style is the best. Among them, the classification of learning styles by Myers-Brigs Type Indicator will be conducted as the basic classification of learning styles in the following case study. Table 2.4 Reids Overview on the Classification of Learning Styles Right-and Left brained Learning Styles Right-Brained Learns more in effect through visual analytic, reflective, self-retaining lear ning Left-Brained Learns more effectively throught auditory, global, impulsive, interactive learning The Seven ten-fold Intelligence Verbal/Linguistic Ability with and sensitivity to oral and written words Musical Sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, and melody Logical/Mathematical Ability to use numbers effectively and to reason well Spatial/Visual Sensitivity to form, space, colour, line, and shape Bodily/Kinaesthetic Ability to use the body to express ideas and feelings interpersonal Ability to understand another persons moods and intensions Intrapersonal Ability to understand oneself ones own strengths and weaknesses Perceptual Learning Styles Visual Learns more effectively through the eyes(seeing) Auditory Learns more effectively through the ear (hearing) Tactile Learns more effectively through touch (hands-on) Kinestheti c Learns more effectively through complete body experience Group Learns more effectively through working with others Individual Learns more effectively through working alone Field Independent and Field Dependent (Sensitive) Learning Styles Field Independent Learns more effectively sequentially, analyzing facts Field Dependent Learns more effectively in context (holistically) and is sensitive to human relationship. Analytical and Global Learning Styles Analytical Learns more effectively individually, sequentially, linearly Global Learns more effectively through concrete experience and through interaction with other people musing and Impulsive Learning Style Reflective Learns more effectively when given time to consider options Impulsive Learns more effectively when able to respond at once 18is7f4iiC Kolb Experiential. Learning M odel Converger Learns more effectively when able to perceive abstractly and to process actively Diverger Learns more effectively when able to perceive concretely and to process reflectively Assimilator Learns more effectively when able to perceive abstractly and to process reflectively Accommodator Learns more effectively when able to perceive concretely and to process actively Myers-Briefs Type Indicator (MBTI) Extroverted Learns more effectively through concrete experience, contacts with and relationships with others Introverted Learns more effectively in individual, independent learning situations Sensing Learns more effectively from reports of observable facts Intuition Learns more effectively from meaningful experiences Thinking Learns more effectively from impersonal and logical circumstances Feeling Learns more effectively from personalized circumstances Judging Learns more effectively by reflection, deduction, analysis, and process that involve Perceiving closure Learns more effectively through negotiation, feeling and inductive processes tha postpone closure2.2.3 Researches on Learning StylesThere are lots of variable that can affect each learning style. It might be difficult to analyze the overall learning profile of a learner. Therefore, the researchers in this field have mainly focused on learning styles influence on language development, factors affecting learning styles, and how are learning styles related to language learning strategies. The study of learning styles influence on language development and proficiency is perhaps one of the widely conducted studies. Eliot (1995) in studying teaching orthoepy argues that field-independence is found to be a significant predictor of pronunciation accuracy. The potential influence of learn ing styles is also found out in the researchers made by Oxford et al (1992), and Ehraman and Oxford respectively. However, Griffiths and Sheen (1992) argues that the emb